Earl is the oldest title still used today  for British nobility. Unlike the other two we’ve discussed, it hasn’t come down to us from a Roman military rank. Instead, it comes from the Scandinavian word for the highest nobility under the king: jarl.

The first jarls arrived in England under Canute, the Danish king of England, Denmark, and Norway. The Anglo-Saxon version of the term was eorl. Eorls governed shires, now called counties. That gives us the link with the equivalent  Roman-derived term from the Continent: count (the ruler of a county), although you’ll remember the Germans had a local term, graf.

Earls sat in the courts of each shire they ruled with the local bishop. After the Norman Conquest, they were restricted to one county each, and the official duties of government, military defense and justice became the responsibility of the sheriff. Earls were often sheriffs in their own counties. It doesn’t seem as if the jarls’ wives had a particular title, but the Normans introduced the French term, making a female earl or the wife of an earl a countess.

Whatever their other roles, earls held estates from the Crown as tenants in chief. In return, the earls owed the Crown their service, and in particular, they owed military service; they had to take their knights to fight for the Crown when asked. The estate descended to heirs of the body; that is, the earl’s children. In the early days, this meant the eldest son, if the earl had one, or the eldest daughter, if he had no sons. If the earldom (and the estate) descended to a woman, it would be held by her husband.

Until Edward III created his son Duke of Cornwall in 1337, ‘earl’ continued to be the highest English title. It’s now third, after duke and marquess.

By the late Middle Ages, the custom of primogeniture — male heirs only, was gradually taking over in England, but it continued in Scotland until the seventeenth century.