‘The Blessed Effects of Gas Lights or a new method of Lighting as practised in Great Peter Street, London.’ Hand-coloured engraving published by S W Fores (50 Piccadilly, London) 10 November 1813. A humorous illustration of a group of men, a chair, floorboards and a dog being thrown upwards by an explosion from a gas pipe. Three men surround the blast exclaiming that gas smells, is poisonous and will kill many.
Until the 19th century, people going out at night needed strong moonlight, torches, or lanterns. In London, those enjoying an active social life would employ link boys with torches. The term derives from the word for the cotton tow (link) commonly used for the wick.
By the early 18th century, technology had progressed to oil lanterns, with fish oil and wicks. People carried lanterns, and some progressive businesses had a lantern hanging at their door to show that they were open. Certain types of business used red glass in their lantern, and to this day, areas where such businesses cluster are called red light districts.
In 1750, London installed a system of street lamps on important main thoroughfares. These were oil lamps, lit at dusk and dowsed at dawn by a lamplighter with a long brass pole with a flame on the end. To this day, London still has lamplighters (for their remaining 1,500 gas lamps). In 1760s, reflectors were added.
Oil lamps are supposed to have made the streets safer, though they gave little light and were as much as 65 yards apart. At least they were a bright point to aim for in the darkness, so perhaps lives were saved because fewer people strayed into dark alleys. Keep in mind the pools of deep shadow though, when you read of London prostitutes transacting their business up against a wall. It wasn’t necessarily the public display that we, accustomed to our never-dark cities, might imagine.
By the early nineteenth century, street lamps and lighted window displays had banished the worst of the night from the most public places.
The shop-keepers of London are of infinite service to the rest of the inhabitants by their liberal use of the Patent Lamp, to shew their commodities during the long evenings of winter. Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London During the Eighteenth Century, James Peller Malcolm, 1810, P 383,
The first gas lights were on 13 posts set up in Pall Mall in 1807, and used several times during the next couple of years to demonstrate the feasibility of gas lighting. The pipes were made from musket barrels, and all thirteen lamps could be lit by sending a spark down the pipes.
As you’ll see from the cartoon that heads this post, people were skeptical, but by 1812, the first gas company had been approved, and plans were underway to light London. Westminster had lamps by 1813, Westminster Bridge by December of that year, and Piccadilly in 1814.
By 1823, 40,000 gas lamps covered 215 miles of streets. Gas lights were ten times brighter than oil, which still left some dark patches, but was at least an improvement.
Electric were still nearly 70 years away, but the darkness in which crime flourished had been driven back, at least a little.